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The Cut-off and Summation module allows multiple cut-off to be used to calculate net pay and reservoir. Interactive lines can be used to set cut-offs on the log plots as well as crossplots. A cut-off sensitivity module allows the user to asses how a change in a cut-off affects the overall zonal results. NMR distribution data differ widely depending on the tool, acquisition and processing parameters. This module allows the user to correctly plot NMR distributions, ie on a logarithmic scale, for use in the interactive log plots and for well to well comparisons, regardless of the source of the data NMR Normalisation allows all NMR distributions to be standardised.

The module also has the flexibility to handle older, effective porosity, NMR logs or gas affected NMR logs, by integrating with the standard interpretation modules. Capillary pressure curves can be generated from T1 or T2 distribution data, but these need to be calibrated to an actual capillary pressure measurement made on core.

The NMR Interpretation module provides an interactive tool for doing this calibration and it generates crossplots of the capillary pressure curves for QC purposes. These Pc curves can then be used to generate a Sw height curve from the entered FWL and fluid densities. T1 or T2 data can be calibrated to core Pc data using a one point or two point methodology on either a T2 vs. Pore Radius plot, or, as in the example shown, on Cumulative Porosity vs. Sw plot. The Pc curves derived form T1 or T2 distribution can be used to derive a Sw height curve.

The NMR data provides the clay bound water saturation and total porosity, which the model requires as inputs, while also providing a. The IP database is simple to work with but also flexible. It can be a single well for a quick look interpretation or a multi-well and multi-field database. An IP database consists of a binary data file. DAT for each well, each consisting of log curve data, general well information and interpretation Parameter Sets.

The Database Browser allows the user to drill down into a well and view or edit individual curves, parameters, log plots, crossplots and histograms, well data, statistics and listings, etc. Curve Sets are used to group curve data together in a flexible way that allows the user to manage the data as they wish, such as different logging runs, different types of data e.

Each set can have a different top depth, bottom depth and data step. Curve sets give the user the flexibility as the only requirement is that all the curves in a curve set should have the same step. High sample data from electrical and acoustic imaging tools are stored in array curves. This data can then be used for plotting and dip picking.

Electrical Image with basic dip picking. Text Curves are curves containing text strings such as RFT pressure points, production test results, perforation depths or core descriptions, and can be created by cut and paste from spreadsheets. Picture Curves are graphics files, eg core photographs with a defined top and bottom depth allowing the picture to be scaled to the log data. IP recognises most common image formats.

Picture curves can be displayed on log plots, for example, a sonic semblance plot can be loaded from a screen grab of a PDS file and a DT pick made with the interactive curve editor. Well Headers allow the user to enter and save well attributes and other important position, default petrophysical parameters and log acquisition data.

There is also a comprehensive History Module that allows users to track changes made to curves and wells within IP. IP has a full range of versatile Data Viewers including: log plot displays including horizontal log plots crossplots including 3D crossplots histograms including statistical summaries data listings 3D parameter viewer well map multi-well correlations montage builder.

More information about OpenSpirit can be found on their website www. The Interval Loader allows the user to load data such as a facies interpretation, where a certain facies is represented by a numerical value assigned over a particular depth interval.

The Interval Loader can also be used to load periodic or discrete data, such as core plug analysis results or formation tester pressure data, or any discrete spreadsheet data. The Capillary Pressure Data Loader is designed to assist the entering of PC data into IP and can load multiple plugs from different wells at the same time.

The Real Time Data Link module uses Osprey Connect data link technology to enable an IP user to connect to a remote data server and download log curve and drilling data in real-time. The data can then be automatically analysed and displayed on all IP output graphics.

This allows a real-time Petrophysical interpretation to be shown, which updates automatically as more data arrives. IP provides connectivity to a number of External Data Repositories. With this module you can: Set up all your input and output curves per well. Launch multi-well interactive crossplots and histograms for selection adjusting of parameters for all wells and by zones. Use trend curves for parameters with depth and by zone. Launch multi-well 3D plots for all parameters, trend curves, input curves and result curves.

Run the multi-well Cutoff and Summation module using the interpretation results and formation tops. Set options for interpretation for each well. View and modify parameters using multi-well tables displayed by parameter, well or zone. Launch QC log plots of input curves. Launch single well interactive log plots for zoning and adjusting of parameters on a single well. Launch multi-well interactive log plots for zoning and adjusting of parameters on all wells.

Visualizing parameters and results using the 3D plots allows the user to review trends and variations by well or by zone, with depth and across the field. Multiple 3D plots can be displayed at once. If a parameter or parameters do not fit the users understanding of how they should change then they can be adjusted and the 3D parameter plots and interpretation results updated.

This provides a quick and easy method to develop a consistent multi-well interpretation for the user. Information is gathered throughout the drilling of a well.

These measurements are normally recorded periodically, for example every 3 to 10 seconds and as such the data amounts can be sizeable and difficult to manage. Therefore, this time based drilling data is rarely reviewed and as such a lot of useful information is ignored or not recognised. This module allows engineers to display and analyse drilling data within IP, where it can be used for the diagnosis of drilling problems, refinement of drilling parameters and processes in order to optimize well delivery.

With LWD this functionality allows for a Time Lapse analysis of mud invasion, potentially giving a much better understanding of the invasion process and the reservoir. Multi-well processing To handle large multi-well projects within IPTM a number of modules have been developed to make the task easier. Multi-well Parameter Distribution - copy Parameter Sets from one well to other wells in the same project. Multi-well Change Parameters - change one or more interpretation parameters and re-run the analysis with the new parameter s.

The Mineral Solver module allows the user to analyse the simplest to most complicated formation using classical probabilistic analysis techniques. The user sets up a formation mineral model and a set of input logs - the program will then use this information to calculate the most likely solution. The solution is used to recalculate the input logs and these are compared to the original logs. Due to the speed of the techniques used, the same interactive features that are used in the standard analysis modules are available.

Key features: Multiple models allow the analysis of the most complex reservoirs Input flexibility allows for any logging tool output to be used in the model Models both the flushed and un-invaded zone Model combination for final results completely flexible Interactive crossplots for selection of parameter end points. Model creation grid simple to use and understand. Default end point values available for most tool equations and minerals.

All end point parameters can be either fixed values or an input curve, which allows trending of parameter values versus depth The weighting of input equations simple to understand and use Constant and Limit equation Output equations for calculation of parameters such as dry rock grain density or rock Qv value Model allows all standard non-linear Sw equations Calibration module allows core XRD data to be used to calculate the best end point parameters needed to match the core results.

Parameter mineral endpoint crossplot. Quick and easy to make with interactive mineral parameters which when moved recalculate the model automatically Interactive Pickett plot where Rw amd m can be picked. The Statistical Analysis module is a suite of modules that allows the building of models to predict log curves, core data, facies and rock types. The suite of statistical modules consists of: Fuzzy Logic prediction Multi-linear regression prediction Neural network prediction Cluster analysis Principal component All modules use a similar multi-well interface where a set of wells and intervals can be used to create a model and then this model can be applied to another group or wells and intervals.

Discriminators can be used to limit the data use in the models. The Fuzzy logic module divides the data up into user selected bins and uses probability theory to predict the likelihood of data being in a bin. The results are normally well controlled and quality control probability curves give the likelihood that the result is in a bin.

This allows the output of a probability map, so the user can easily quality control results in wells not used in the model build stage. The module can be used to predict core facies or core permeability. In log repair mode the user selects a few small training intervals and the trained network can then reproduce the whole log extraordinarily well.

The Cluster Analysis module is used to group log data into electro facies. The program uses K-Mean clustering to group the data into manageable data clusters These clusters are then either manually or automatically hierarchical clustering regrouped into Geological clusters. Plot shows a core facies prediction. The fuzziness of the prediction is shown in right track. The Multi-linear regression is useful for predicting core permeability from log data.

It uses standard matrix algebra to solve for the fit coefficients. Normalised coefficients are also output to allow the user to see the contribution of each log to the result.

The Neural Network module uses a back-propagation learning technique to train the network. The module can be used for log repair, prediction of core permeability or in a classification mode for prediction of core facies.

Electro facies shown in left hand tracks. Far left track is after re-grouping original 15 clusters to 5. The user sets up the analysis work flow and enters the distribution of possible errors in the individual interpretation parameters and input curves. The program randomises the input parameters based on user-selected ranges and then runs the work flow.

Several thousand passes are made through the work flow with different starting parameters. The results are cumulated on a depth by depth level and also by zone using the cutoff and summation module. Plot show the error in Porosity, Water Saturation and Clay volume at a depth by depth bases. Crossplots and histograms can be used for analysis the distribution of the results. Crossplot shows the Vcl cutoff has a strong effect on the result of the Av Phi Res parameter.

The report allows the user to quantitatively show the errors involved in the interpretation. Rather than reporting a net pay thickness and average porosity the user can give the P10, P50 and P90 net pay and average porosity. These values can then be used for more accurately estimating the errors in the reserves. In order to access which parameters control the results of the analysis a Tornado type analysis of the input parameters can quickly be made. This varies each parameter separately and then plots the change in results for the change in an individual result parameter.

The results are then ordered to form the tornado plot. Plot shows that the biggest influence on the average pay porosity in zone one is the Vcl cutoff. This type of plot can be used to focus the interpreters attention on those parts of the analysis which have the most significant influence on the final results and not waste their time on refining those parameters which have little influence. The Summary Result listing gives the zonal results sorted by percentiles.

Up to 5 user-defined percentiles can be output in the report. The Saturation Height Modelling modules enable the IP user to create Saturation versus height functions from either capillary pressure Pc data or from calculated water saturation curves, or a combination of both approaches. Discriminators can be applied to allow for functions to be generated for specific data, e. The Saturation Versus Height Curves module is used to apply the derived functions to multiple wells and zones.

The Capillary Pressure Functions module allows the user to find a function or set of functions to represent the quality checked and corrected Pc data using two basic methods: 1. One Equation for all Pc curves option - Find a single equation which fits all or a subset of the data using one six basic functions, e. Leverett-J Function. Separate equation for each Pc curve option - Fit each individual Pc curve and then combine the parameters into a Combined equation using of three basic function types, e.

Lambda Function. To help speed up the process the Regression Function Comparator runs through all the models giving each a rating. Changes in fluid density can be fully accounted for, e. The Log Sw versus Height Functions module is used to generate Water Saturation Sw versus Height functions from interpreted log saturation and optional porosity and permeability data. Over 30 different functions are available. Discriminator logic can be used to select the data.

Different functions can be developed for each unit in a reservoir. Greenberg-Castagna is also used to generate a Shear Velocity QC Crossplot to verify that a recorded shear sonic is a valid shear and not a mud wave or Stoneley wave produced by poor processing of the sonic waveform data. When there is no density log the Density Estimation module is used to estimate it from the compressional sonic log using Gardner, Bellotti et al or Lindseth.

The Fluid Substitution module removes the effect of the drilling fluid from the sonic and density logs and restores the log responses to those resulting from the original reservoir fluids at their original saturations.

Fluid density, bulk modulus and velocity can either be directly entered if known or calculated from Batzle and Wang in Seismic Properties of Pore Fluids. Similarly, the mineral properties can be entered or selected from a menu of minerals. The elastic parameters for two-phase fluid mixtures are calculated using a saturation curve and the fluid mixing approach of Brie et al Shear Sonic interpretation in Gas-bearing Sands SPE pp - Once the user is satisfied that the input parameters are suitable fluid substitution is performed on the data at the well step increment.

Along with the fluid-substituted density and sonic curves, both fluid-substituted Acoustic Impedance and Poissons Ratio curves are calculated and velocity and sonic slowness curves are output. As with most modules in IP, up to six discriminators can be applied to allow the user to constrain the model. In the Laminated Fluid Substitution module the user selects one of two models depending on the shale distribution.

If the shale is evenly distributed the shaley sand model the bulk modulus of the solid fraction is modeled as a weighted average of the moduli of all the components of the rock. In laminated reservoirs, fluid effects only occur within the sandy laminations, and the appropriate moduli and porosity are those of the sandy laminations.

The data are inverted using Gassmanns equation on a zonal basis to QC the fluid and matrix properties with respect to the input velocities and parameters. It became part of the Schlumberger Information Solutions in January The project is divided in chapters as indicated in the Petrel Workflow Tools shown in Fig.

After some modifications and enhancements to the Petrel Workflow, the chapters will be presented as follows: 1. Introduction 2. Data Import 3. Input Data Editing 4. Well Correlation 5. Fault Modeling 6. Pillar Gridding 7. Vertical Layering 8. Geometrical Property Modeling 9. Facies Modeling Petrophysical Modeling Defining Fluid Contacts Volume Calculation Fig.

The stratigraphic succession of the reservoir under study is given in the following table: Succession Horizon Zone 1 top Cretaceous Tarbert-3 Tarbert Tarbert-2 2 Tarbert-1 Ness-2 3 Ness Ness-1 4 bottom Etive The data that are given for each horizon includes: 3D seismic lines, fault polygons, fault sticks, and isochors. All windows are either docked or float. Double-clicking the window toggles its docking state. If the project explorer or the process diagram windows are not shown, they can be displayed from the View menu command using First Petrel Explorer and Second Petrel Explorer respectively.

On the other hand, if a 3D window is not shown, it can be displayed using the Windows tab of the process diagram as shown in Fig. It forms the client area where a variety of windows, which are listed under the Windows menu command, can be hosted displayed in this area. All data that are not linked to any 3D grid will be sorted under the Input tab. Examples are wells and well tops, interpreted lines, polygons, functions, well sections, 2D grids and more.

All data linked to a 3D grid will be sorted, together with the 3D gird information system data, under the Models tab. Examples are the generated faults, gridded horizons, 3D properties, zones, etc. They are sorted in the order they should be used, and the first processes will have to be executed before you get access to other processes down the list. For example, you must create a 3D grid before you can insert horizons into it, and you must create zones before you can insert layers into them.

File Actions 2. The other three toolbars are relevant to 3D Windows. When the File and Edit Actions toolbars are hidden, they can be displayed by selecting Show all relevant Toolbars from the View menu. The other toolbars are displayed by hiding and redisplaying 3D Windows.

Double-clicking on a toolbar toggles its docking state. A "Settings for '3D Window 1' " dialog box appears as shown in Fig. Select the desired color from the Color drop-down combo box, and press the OK button.